What happens when a medic and a crisis worker answer the call instead of police?

The mismatch

Police answer a large share of calls that involve no crime: a person in distress, someone sleeping rough, a welfare check. Officers train mostly for threat, and the person they meet in a mental health crisis is often frightened, confused or unwell.

That mismatch costs lives. A 2015 report from the Treatment Advocacy Center estimated that at least one in four people killed by police in the United States had a serious mental illness. It put their risk of being killed during a police encounter at about 16 times that of other civilians.

CAHOOTS: two people and a van

From 1989 until April 2025, the White Bird Clinic in Eugene, Oregon, ran CAHOOTS. A medic and a crisis worker rode in a van. They carried no weapons and could not arrest anyone. Dispatchers sent them calls about mental health, drugs, homelessness and welfare checks. It stopped serving Eugene on 7 April 2025 when funding ran short, not because it had been shown to fail (Hansen-White, 2025).

The clinic reported that its teams took about a fifth of the calls sent out through 911, and called police for backup a few hundred times a year out of tens of thousands of calls. The program ran on roughly US$2 million a year, a small fraction of the city's police budget, according to the Vera Institute of Justice.

Two cautions. The clinic's own publications supply most of these figures, and outside auditors have not checked them. And the Eugene police department's analysis found most CAHOOTS calls were welfare checks, transport and public assistance, work police would not normally do. So CAHOOTS mostly added help rather than replacing police on dangerous calls.

Denver: the first careful test

In 2020 Denver launched STAR (Support Team Assisted Response), a clinician and a paramedic in a van, in eight downtown precincts. Economists Thomas Dee and Jaymes Pyne compared crime in those precincts with similar areas the van did not serve.

Reports of less serious crimes, such as trespassing, public disorder and resisting arrest, fell by 34% where STAR worked. They estimated about 1,400 fewer offences in six months. Serious crime showed no change either way.

Part of that drop is simple: a nurse who helps someone off a doorstep writes no crime report. A police officer who moves the same person on may end up charging them with resisting arrest. The situation stays the same; the response decides whether it becomes a crime.

How many calls could go to health workers?

Some advocates claim most police calls could go to civilians. The data does not support that. The Vera Institute studied 911 calls in nine US cities and found that, on average, about 19% could be answered by unarmed crisis responders alone.

One in five is still a lot. It is thousands of calls a year in any large city where an armed response adds risk and nothing else.

What reform inside policing has shown

Body-worn cameras were meant to change police behaviour. In a randomised trial with 2,224 Washington DC officers, cameras made no meaningful difference to use of force or complaints. A review of 70 studies by Cynthia Lum and colleagues found much the same: no consistent effect on officer behaviour.

A camera records the encounter but does not change who turns up. The crisis-team programs change who turns up.

What Australia does

Australia has mostly chosen co-response: a mental health clinician rides with police, and in some places a paramedic too. Victoria, New South Wales and the ACT run PACER (Police, Ambulance and Clinician Early Response). Western Australia runs a Mental Health Co-Response program with clinicians in Perth police districts, the Police Operations Centre and the Perth Watch House, and in some regional towns.

A 2026 review of PACER in Australia and New Zealand found more problems settled at the scene, fewer trips to emergency departments, and care that people found more person-centred. But in these models a police officer still attends. That differs from Eugene and Denver, where the health team goes alone.

What to check where you live

• Ask your state police or health department whether a co-response or clinician-led team covers your area, and what days and hours it runs.
• Ask whether triple zero can dispatch a clinician without police, or only alongside them.
• If you are putting a case to a local member, lead with the Denver study. It is peer reviewed, it compared like areas, and it measured crime, not just satisfaction.